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Batch 07 Agent 5 -- Literature Synthesis (Files 1361-1400)

Individual Summaries

# Author(s) Year Title Core Finding Method Tags
1 DNV 2019/2021 DNV-RP-G109: Risk based management of corrosion under insulation Provides risk-based framework for managing corrosion under insulation on offshore and industrial assets Recommended practice; risk assessment framework corrosion, risk-management, inspection, offshore
2 DNV 2019/2021 DNV-RP-N102: Marine operations during removal of offshore installations Guidance on marine operations for decommissioning and removal of offshore structures Recommended practice; operational guidance decommissioning, marine-operations, offshore
3 DNV 2022 DNV-ST-0014: Competence of ships' officers for hull inspections Defines competence requirements for ship officers performing hull inspections Standard; competence framework inspection, hull, competence, maritime
4 DNV -- DNV-ST-0054 File inaccessible (URL security rejection) -- DNV, standard
5 DNV 2021 DNV-ST-0076: Design of electrical installations for wind turbines Requirements for electrical system design in wind turbines, updated for IEC 61400-1:2019 Standard; prescriptive design requirements electrical, wind-turbine, design-standard
6 DNV 2021 DNV-ST-0119: Floating wind turbine structures Comprehensive structural design standard for floating OWT; mandates time-domain simulation of combined load effects Standard; partial safety factor method; time-domain analysis floating-OWT, structural-design, limit-states, mooring
7 DNV GL 2018 DNVGL-ST-0126: Support structures for wind turbines Design standard for OWT support structures including monopiles, jackets, and concrete GBS; updated fatigue DFFs and buckling analysis Standard; S-N curves; partial safety factors support-structure, monopile, fatigue, buckling, OWT
8 DNV 2020/2021 DNV-ST-0145: Offshore substations Design and certification of offshore substation platforms (types A, B, C) Standard; prescriptive + novel concept allowance substation, offshore, structural-design
9 DNV 2022 DNV-ST-0495: Certification of lifts in ships, MOUs and offshore installations Requirements for rack-and-pinion and other lifts in offshore environments Standard; certification lifts, offshore, certification
10 DNV 2018/2021 DNV-ST-0498: Launching appliances for work boats and tender boats Design and certification of launching systems for marine vessels Standard; certification launching, marine, certification
11 DNV 2018/2021 DNV-ST-C502: Offshore concrete structures Design requirements for offshore concrete structures including grout and compressive strength specifications Standard; concrete design; normalized strength concrete, offshore, structural-design, grout
12 DNV 2019/2021 DNV-ST-F121: Pipeline installation by horizontal directional drilling Standard for HDD pipeline installation in offshore and nearshore settings Standard; HDD methodology pipeline, HDD, installation
13 DNV GL 2015 DNVGL-RP-0001: Probabilistic methods for planning of inspection for fatigue cracks in offshore structures Probabilistic inspection planning using fracture mechanics and reliability methods for fatigue cracks Recommended practice; probabilistic fracture mechanics fatigue, inspection-planning, probabilistic, offshore
14 DNV GL 2014 DNVGL-RP-0005 (RP-C203): Fatigue design of offshore steel structures Definitive S-N curve catalog and stress concentration factors for offshore steel fatigue design; thickness exponent updates Recommended practice; S-N curves; SCF equations fatigue, S-N-curves, SCF, offshore-steel, welded-joints
15 DNV GL 2015 DNVGL-RP-0142: Wellhead fatigue analysis Guidance on fatigue assessment of subsea wellheads under drilling-induced loads Recommended practice; JIP-based wellhead, fatigue, subsea, drilling
16 DNV GL 2015 DNVGL-RP-C206: Fatigue methodology of offshore ships Fatigue assessment methodology for FPSOs and offshore ships using spectral and simplified methods Recommended practice; spectral fatigue analysis fatigue, FPSO, offshore-ships
17 DNV GL 2017 DNVGL-RP-G103: Non-intrusive inspection Guidance on non-intrusive inspection techniques for pressure vessels and piping without opening equipment Recommended practice; NII techniques inspection, non-intrusive, pressure-vessel
18 KEPCO (Korea) 1990/2013 DS-1110: Design standard for transmission tower foundations (Korean) Korean national standard for tower foundation design: inverted-T, deep, pile, rock-anchor, and steel-pipe foundations; allowable bearing = 1/3 ultimate (normal), 1/2 ultimate (abnormal) Design standard; bearing capacity; uplift/lateral resistance foundation, transmission-tower, Korean-standard, bearing-capacity
19 KEPCO (Korea) 1990/2013 DS-1110 (full text, Korean) Same as above -- duplicate file with full text of the 2013 revision Design standard foundation, transmission-tower, Korean-standard
20 KEPCO (Korea) 1970/2013 DS-1111: Design standard for overhead transmission towers (Korean) Korean standard for lattice tower structural design up to 345 kV; classification into straight, angle, reinforcement, and dead-end towers Design standard; structural steel tower design transmission-tower, lattice, Korean-standard
21 UK DTI 2005 Guidance on assessment of impact of offshore wind farms: marine navigational safety risks Risk assessment methodology for navigation safety near offshore wind farms using FSA and ALARP principles Guidance; formal safety assessment; risk tolerability navigation-risk, offshore-wind, safety, ALARP
22 Chen, C. 2020 Damping in monopile-supported offshore wind turbines (PhD thesis, UCL) Quantified damping contributions from aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and soil-structure interaction; hydrodynamic damping is much smaller than commonly assumed for large OWTs; soil damping strongly depends on nonlinear soil behavior First-principle models; FAST simulation; free vibration analysis damping, monopile, OWT, soil-structure-interaction, aerodynamic, hydrodynamic
23 Das, B.M. (ed.) 2011 Geotechnical Engineering Handbook Comprehensive reference covering bearing capacity, settlement, foundation-soil interaction for shallow and deep foundations Handbook; analytical and empirical methods geotechnical, bearing-capacity, settlement, handbook
24 Das, B.M. 2017 Shallow Foundations: Bearing Capacity and Settlement (3rd ed.) Textbook on bearing capacity theories and settlement prediction for shallow foundations in cohesive and granular soils Textbook; analytical methods shallow-foundation, bearing-capacity, settlement
25 Dekker, M.J. 2014 The modelling of suction caisson foundations for multi-footed structures (MSc thesis, TU Delft / NTNU) Numerical modelling of suction caisson foundations for jacket-type OWT substructures MSc thesis; FE modelling; suction caisson suction-caisson, jacket, OWT, FEM, multi-footed
26 INNWIND.EU (DTU, LUH, et al.) 2014 Deliverable D4.3.2: Innovative concepts for bottom-mounted structures Evaluated innovative jacket variants (3-leg, smart jacket, hybrid jacket, full-lattice tower) for 10+ MW offshore turbines Design study; FP7 project; parametric structural optimization jacket, innovative-concepts, 10MW, bottom-fixed, OWT
27 (J. Hydraul. Eng.) 1988 Design method for local scour at bridge piers File contains only repeated journal header lines; no extractable content -- scour, bridge-pier
28 UK Highways Agency 2012 BD 97/12: The assessment of scour and other hydraulic actions at highway structures Risk-based scour assessment methodology for highway bridges and structures adjacent to waterways Design manual; risk-based scour assessment scour, bridge, hydraulic, risk-assessment, highway
29 Weinert, J.; Schumann, B.; Smolka, U.; Cheng, P.W. ~2015 Detecting critical scour developments at monopile foundations under operating conditions Proposes combining fatigue monitoring with natural frequency supervision as a low-cost early warning system for critical scour at monopiles SHM; fatigue accumulation; natural frequency tracking scour, monopile, SHM, natural-frequency, fatigue-monitoring, early-warning
30 Weinert et al. ~2015 Detecting critical scour developments at monopile foundations (duplicate) Same as #29 Same as #29 scour, monopile, SHM
31 Kim, J.H.; Kim, D.J.; Kim, D.S.; Choo, Y.W. 2013 Development of miniature cone and characteristics of cone tip resistance in centrifuge model tests Developed 10 mm diameter miniature CPT cone for centrifuge; cone resistance at shallow depth affected by g-level; critical depth proportional to cone diameter and relative density Centrifuge CPT; 4-DOF in-flight robot; multi-g-level testing CPT, miniature-cone, centrifuge, cone-resistance, KAIST
32 Cabrera, M.; Caicedo, B.; Thorel, L. 2014 Dynamic actuator for soil-structure interaction physical modelling in centrifuge Developed piezoelectric dynamic actuator for centrifuge testing of OWT-like structures; measured wave propagation in soil model Centrifuge; piezoelectric actuator; SSI physical modelling centrifuge, dynamic-actuator, SSI, piezoelectric, OWT
33 Cheney, J.A. 1981 Dynamic excitation for geotechnical centrifuge modelling Early review of methods for dynamic excitation in centrifuge (shakers, travelling waves via diaphragm); identified earthquake simulation as most challenging problem Conference paper; centrifuge methodology review centrifuge, dynamic-excitation, earthquake, shaker
34 Seo, Y.H.; Ryu, M.S.; Oh, K.Y. 2020 Dynamic characteristics of an offshore wind turbine with tripod suction buckets via full-scale testing Full-scale testing showed suction bucket cap stiffness and strain dependency of soil are critical for accurate natural frequency prediction; strain measurement more robust than acceleration for long-term monitoring Full-scale experiment; FE analysis; construction-stage monitoring suction-bucket, tripod, OWT, full-scale-test, natural-frequency, dynamic-characteristics
35 ISO/DIS 2022 E DIN EN ISO 19901-4: Geotechnical design considerations for offshore structures International standard for geotechnical design of offshore foundations covering shallow, intermediate, pile foundations, and anchors; includes partial factor method and reliability-based design option Standard; geotechnical design; partial factors geotechnical, offshore, foundation-design, ISO, pile, shallow-foundation, anchor
36 Mayne, P.W.; Poulos, H.G. (Cornell / EPRI) 1990 EPRI EL-6800: Manual on estimating soil properties for foundation design Comprehensive compilation of empirical correlations for estimating soil engineering properties from field and lab tests; emphasizes statistical variability of correlations Manual; empirical correlations; soil characterization soil-properties, empirical-correlations, CPT, SPT, foundation-design
37 USACE 2021 EM 1110-1-2910: Remote sensing Engineer manual promoting effective use of remotely sensed data in USACE civil works projects Manual; remote sensing principles remote-sensing, USACE, geospatial
38 USACE 2022 EM 1110-2-3402: Barge impact forces for hydraulic structures Design guidance for barge impact loads on hydraulic structures; deterministic and probabilistic analysis; unified load model Manual; impact analysis; deterministic + probabilistic barge-impact, hydraulic-structures, load-model, USACE
39 USACE 1990 EM 1110-1-1904: Settlement analysis Guidelines for calculating vertical displacements and settlement under shallow foundations and embankments Manual; settlement methods (immediate + consolidation) settlement, shallow-foundation, embankment, USACE
40 USACE 1992 EM 1110-1-1905: Bearing capacity of soils Guidelines for calculating allowable and ultimate bearing capacity of shallow and deep foundations Manual; bearing capacity theory bearing-capacity, shallow-foundation, deep-foundation, USACE

Synthesis

CONSENSUS

  1. Fatigue is the governing limit state for offshore steel structures. DNV-RP-0005/C203, DNVGL-RP-0001, DNVGL-RP-0142, DNVGL-RP-C206, and DNVGL-ST-0126 all converge on S-N curve-based fatigue assessment as the primary design check for offshore steel, with thickness corrections and design fatigue factors (DFFs) as essential refinements.

  2. Natural frequency is the key dynamic indicator for OWT foundations. Chen (2020), Weinert et al. (~2015), and Seo et al. (2020) all identify natural frequency shifts as the most reliable proxy for changes in foundation stiffness, whether caused by scour, soil degradation, or construction stages.

  3. Soil nonlinearity governs foundation dynamic response. Chen (2020) showed soil damping depends strongly on nonlinear behavior; Seo et al. (2020) demonstrated that strain dependency of soil critically affects natural frequency prediction; ISO 19901-4 requires site-specific soil characterization for offshore geotechnical design.

  4. Partial safety factor and limit-state design is the universal offshore design philosophy. DNV-ST-0119 (floating), DNV-ST-0126 (support structures), DNV-ST-C502 (concrete), and ISO 19901-4 all employ ULS/FLS/ALS/SLS frameworks with material and load partial factors.

  5. Empirical correlations remain essential for soil parameter estimation. EPRI EL-6800 (Mayne & Poulos 1990), Das (2011, 2017), and USACE EM 1110-1-1905 all rely heavily on CPT/SPT correlations for bearing capacity and settlement prediction, while acknowledging significant scatter.

DEBATES

  1. Hydrodynamic damping magnitude for large monopiles. Chen (2020) found hydrodynamic damping is "much smaller than usually recommended" for large OWTs, directly challenging the damping values commonly adopted in industry practice and some DNV guidance.

  2. Scour monitoring: depth-based vs. structural-response-based. Weinert et al. argue that traditional scour depth measurements are overly conservative and expensive, proposing instead a fatigue-plus-frequency monitoring approach. This contrasts with the prescriptive scour depth thresholds in design standards like DNV-ST-0126.

  3. Prescriptive vs. performance-based design. DNV-ST-0145 (2020) explicitly opened the door for novel concepts that need not satisfy prescriptive requirements as long as the safety target is met. This tension between prescriptive codes and performance-based engineering runs across the entire DNV portfolio.

  4. Centrifuge scaling fidelity for cone penetration. Kim et al. (2013) showed that cone resistance at shallow depth is affected by g-level, raising questions about the direct transferability of centrifuge CPT data to prototype scale without critical-depth corrections.

GAPS

  1. Damping quantification under combined loading. Chen (2020) advanced individual damping source models, but no validated framework exists for the coupled aerodynamic-hydrodynamic-soil damping under realistic multi-directional environmental loading.

  2. Long-term scour evolution monitoring with SHM. Weinert et al. proposed the concept but acknowledged it requires validation with field data. No large-scale, multi-year dataset linking continuous SHM signals to measured scour progression has been published.

  3. Suction caisson dynamic behavior in varied soil profiles. Seo et al. (2020) and Dekker (2014) studied specific soil conditions, but systematic parametric studies covering layered soils, carbonate soils, and post-cyclic degradation for suction buckets remain sparse.

  4. Reliability-based geotechnical design for offshore wind. ISO 19901-4 (2022) includes a clause on geotechnical reliability-based design but notes it is not yet mature. The gap between the allowable stress methods in USACE manuals and the partial-factor methods in DNV/ISO standards reflects an unresolved transition in geotechnical practice.

  5. Dynamic actuator technology for centrifuge OWT models. Cabrera et al. (2014) and Cheney (1981) show the field has progressed from conceptual shaker designs to piezoelectric actuators, but reproducing realistic broadband wind and wave loading simultaneously in centrifuge remains an open challenge.

METHODS

Method Sources Application
S-N curve fatigue assessment DNV-RP-0005, DNVGL-ST-0126, DNVGL-RP-C206 Offshore steel weld fatigue life
Probabilistic fracture mechanics DNVGL-RP-0001 Inspection planning for fatigue cracks
Time-domain simulation DNV-ST-0119 Floating OWT combined load effects
Partial safety factor / limit-state design DNV-ST-0119, -0126, -C502, ISO 19901-4 All offshore structural design
Centrifuge physical modelling Kim et al. 2013, Cabrera et al. 2014, Cheney 1981 Foundation and SSI studies
Full-scale OWT measurement Seo et al. 2020 Dynamic characterization during construction
First-principle damping models Chen 2020 Aero/hydro/soil damping quantification
Natural frequency tracking for SHM Weinert et al. ~2015 Scour early warning
Empirical soil correlations (CPT/SPT) EPRI EL-6800, Das 2011/2017, USACE EMs Soil parameter estimation
Risk-based assessment (FSA/ALARP) DTI 2005, BD 97/12 Navigation safety, bridge scour

BENCHMARKS

Benchmark Value / Reference Source
Design fatigue factor (DFF) for OWT monopiles 3.0 (accessible, non-inspectable) to 1.0 (inspectable) DNVGL-ST-0126
Allowable bearing capacity safety factor 1/3 ultimate (normal), 1/2 ultimate (abnormal) DS-1110 (Korean); USACE EM 1110-1-1905 uses FS = 3
Hydrodynamic damping ratio for large monopile OWT Much less than commonly assumed ~0.2% of critical Chen 2020
Critical depth for cone resistance in centrifuge Proportional to cone diameter and relative density Kim et al. 2013
Natural frequency sensitivity to scour Detectable shift used as early warning threshold Weinert et al. ~2015, Seo et al. 2020
Standard span for 345 kV transmission line 450 m DS-1111 (Korean)
Target safety level for OWT support structures Annual probability of failure ~10^-4 DNVGL-ST-0126 Sec 2.3.1.5