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Batch 05 -- Literature Synthesis (Files 801-840)

Generated: 2026-04-17

Individual Paper Summaries

# Author(s) Year Title Core Finding Method Tags
1 Kim et al. 2025 Pullout responses of root-inspired anchors from dry granular media Tree root-inspired anchors exhibit greater pullout resistance than plate-type anchors through soil arching; dimensionless criterion proposed to predict flexible vs rigid pullout behavior Centrifuge modeling, parametric study bio-inspired, anchor, centrifuge, geotechnics
2 Li et al. 2025 Mechanical response of gassy sand under constant shear stress paths Stress path instability points lie within the zone bounded by CSL and IL; saturation level controls time to instability differently under drained vs undrained paths Triaxial tests (CSD/CSU), CO2-degassing specimen preparation gassy sand, triaxial, instability, offshore
3 Meng et al. 2025 Research progress on offshore wind turbine foundation structures and installation technologies Jacket foundations remain mainstream for large-scale OWTs; fixed foundations may extend beyond 50 m depth; floating foundations have significant cost-reduction potential Review paper OWT, foundation, jacket, floating, installation, review
4 Najar et al. 2025 Advancing soil-structure interaction (SSI): comprehensive review SSI is underutilized in practical seismic design due to modeling challenges and lack of unified code provisions; ML and smart sensing are promising future directions Review, synthesis of analytical/numerical/experimental methods SSI, seismic, review, ML, codes
5 Pandele et al. 2025 Review of small vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) Cost-effectiveness, noise, and structural durability remain barriers to VAWT adoption; blade shape and turbine configuration are key performance parameters Review of experimental studies VAWT, wind energy, aerodynamics, agriculture
6 Phatsak & Kongkitkul 2025 Effects of orthogonal lateral loading on pile load capacity Preloading in x-direction reduces ultimate lateral capacity in y-direction; p-y curves show decreasing slope with orthogonal loads Bi-directional lateral loading apparatus, model pile tests in sand pile, lateral loading, multidirectional, p-y curve
7 Ren 2025 Deformation of sandy soil around bucket foundation under horizontal load Soil displacement field around single bucket divides into active, passive, transition, and circular disturbance zones; group efficiency increases linearly with spacing ratio Model tests with PIV/DIC bucket foundation, horizontal load, DIC, group effect
8 Reyes-Suarez et al. 2025 Latent resistance mechanisms of steel truss bridges after critical failures Secondary resistance mechanisms (distinct from primary design mechanisms) enable alternative load paths after component failure; scaled bridge specimen tested Scaled specimen testing + validated numerical models bridge, robustness, progressive collapse, truss
9 Saqib & Gupta 2025 Torsional dynamic response of OWT suction caisson foundations Continuum-based analytical solution for torsional dynamics; caisson-head stiffness reported for various slenderness ratios and stiffness ratios Extended Hamilton's Principle, analytical iterative solution suction caisson, torsion, OWT, dynamics
10 Serhal et al. 2025 Deterministic vs random FEM for tunnel response (Munich) Deterministic approaches alone cannot adequately characterize tunneling-induced settlement in heterogeneous subsoil; RFEM provides more realistic risk assessment RFEM, random fields, twin tunnel case study tunnel, RFEM, spatial variability, settlement
11 Shah et al. 2025 ML models for predicting ultimate bearing capacity of shallow foundations AdaBoost outperforms other models (R2=0.881 test); SHAP analysis reveals friction angle and foundation width as dominant features kNN, NN, RF, xGBoost, AdaBoost, SGD; 169 experimental data points bearing capacity, ML, shallow foundation, SHAP
12 Stranddorf et al. 2025 Benefits and impacts of OWFs on benthic marine biodiversity (LCA) Species richness on structures exceeds sandy seabed reference after ~13 years but net loss occurs over 25-year lifetime on sand; partial decommissioning preserves 80-99% of species LCA characterization factors, polynomial richness models, North Sea data offshore wind, biodiversity, LCA, decommissioning
13 Suryasentana et al. 2025 Enhancing CPT-based suction caisson penetration design Back-analysis of large-scale field data refines CPT-based installation parameters for layered soil conditions Back-analysis of field installation data, CPT methods suction caisson, CPT, installation, field data
14 Unknown 2025 Bearing capacity of shallow foundation on geotextile reinforced soil Geotextile reinforcement improves bearing capacity; optimization at N=3-4 reinforcement layers; placement position is critical Review of experimental studies geosynthetics, bearing capacity, reinforcement
15 Liu et al. (Unknown) 2025 ML-based assessment and prediction of steel bridge safety Smart bridges with sensor networks + ML enable predictive maintenance and real-time safety diagnostics Review, big data + ML framework steel bridge, SHM, ML, smart infrastructure
16 Vu-Hoang et al. 2025 Probabilistic analysis of active earth pressures with spatial variability MARS ML model efficiently predicts failure probability; confidence intervals quantify prediction reliability; contour design charts produced MCS + FELA + MARS ML, random fields, adaptive mesh earth pressure, spatial variability, ML, probabilistic
17 Wang et al. 2025 OWT monopile monitoring using guided ultrasonic waves Active learning framework with ensemble surrogate models for fatigue reliability; guided waves can detect subsurface defects at welds below mudline Ensemble surrogates (BSVR, Kriging, PCK), guided wave experiments monopile, SHM, guided waves, fatigue, life extension
18 Weil et al. 2025 ML and UQ for natural frequency tracking in OWT SHM Combined ML + UQ framework for mode tracking, EOV normalization, and out-of-distribution detection; tree-based learners selected ML (tree-based), virtual ensemble UQ, OMA, control charts SHM, OWT, natural frequency, ML, uncertainty
19 Yadav et al. 2025 Enhanced slope stability prediction using ensemble ML Ensemble bagging with DT base classifier achieves >90% accuracy; 8-10% improvement over base classifiers; robust after dimensionality reduction Bagging, boosting, RF, DT; 125 data points, 7 parameters slope stability, ML, ensemble, geotechnical
20 Zabihollah & Shi 2025 Reliability analysis of residential buildings under hurricane using FBG sensors FBG sensors + LSTM neural network estimate remaining useful lifetime; Health Indicator metric introduced for structural integrity assessment Wind tunnel tests on scaled timber buildings, FBG strain sensing hurricane, FBG sensor, SHM, LSTM, reliability
21 Zhang et al. 2025 Structural stability and power performance of hybrid wind-solar-wave system Novel hybrid energy system assessed for structural stability and power performance Numerical simulation (details in press) hybrid energy, wind-solar-wave, offshore
22 Zhang et al. 2025 Probabilistic analysis of ground settlement from composite foundation excavation Spatial variability significantly influences settlement and pit stability; scale of fluctuation affects settlement range; COV impacts failure probability Latin Hypercube + MCS + finite difference, random fields excavation, spatial variability, probabilistic, settlement
23 Zhongyue et al. 2025 Liquefaction of desaturated coral sand foundation with upper building Electrolytic desaturation (Sr 100->85%) reduces excess pore pressure ratio by ~33% and vertical settlement by ~30%; Studer's model suitable for thin saturated loose layers Electrolytic desaturation + explosive loading tests, numerical validation coral sand, liquefaction, desaturation, explosion
24 Zou & Witthaut 2025 Supply chain design assessment under uncertainty via Monte Carlo simulation MC simulation with VaR/CVaR captures complex supply chain uncertainties; dual-criteria model evaluates cost and service level across 7 sourcing scenarios Monte Carlo simulation, VaR/CVaR risk measures supply chain, Monte Carlo, uncertainty, logistics
25 Achmus et al. 2013 Load-bearing behavior of suction bucket foundations in sand Bucket experiences heave during horizontal loading; at large rotations lid-soil contact lost and load transfers entirely via skirt; normalized capacity equations derived 3D FEM, validated against field tests suction bucket, sand, bearing capacity, FEM
26-27 Aleem et al. 2022 Load utilisation (LU) ratio of monopiles supporting OWTs Three methods (simplified/standard/advanced) proposed for LU estimation; applied to 4 European wind farms across different soil profiles Closed-form, p-y method, FEM monopile, LU ratio, SSI, design optimization
28 Antonopoulos et al. 2021 Influence of scour on dynamic impedances of bridge shallow foundations Scour reduces foundation impedance functions; changes in fundamental vibration period quantified for SFS systems Impedance functions on elastic half-space, parametric study scour, bridge, impedance, SSI, shallow foundation
29 Antonopoulos et al. 2022 Dynamic behavior of SFS systems subjected to scour Scour modifies soil-foundation stiffness and fundamental frequency; dimensionless analysis for various SFS parameter combinations Numerical model, strip foundation on half-space, parametric study scour, bridge, dynamics, frequency, shallow foundation
30-31 Arany et al. 2014 Dynamic SSI issues of OWTs SSI modeled via three springs (lateral, rotational, cross-coupling); soft-stiff design is preferred; measured frequencies 6-7% higher than design at Walney Euler-Bernoulli beam model, spring foundation OWT, SSI, natural frequency, soft-stiff
32 Arany et al. 2015 Simplified critical mudline bending moment spectra of OWT support structures Generalized bending moment spectra formulation transforms PSDs of wind, wave, 1P, 3P loads into comparable mudline bending moments for fatigue estimation Frequency-domain analysis, PSD transformation OWT, fatigue, bending moment, PSD, mudline
33 Arany et al. 2015 Natural frequency of OWTs on three-spring flexible foundations Cross-coupling spring term significantly affects natural frequency; Timoshenko beam does not improve results meaningfully over Euler-Bernoulli for OWTs Analytical (Euler-Bernoulli + Timoshenko), validated against 4 OWTs OWT, natural frequency, SSI, three-spring
34 Arany et al. 2016 Closed form eigenfrequency of monopile OWTs in deeper waters Closed-form methodology with two non-dimensional correction factors for foundation flexibility; errors below 3.5% against 10 European wind farms Euler-Bernoulli/Timoshenko beam, three-spring SSI model OWT, monopile, eigenfrequency, deeper water, SSI
35 Arcigni et al. 2021 Tripod OWTs under marine growth conditions Marine growth thickness increases tower-top displacement by 24% (0-200mm growth) but natural frequency change is negligible (0.3%) Dynamic analysis with spring-to-ground SSI model, DNV/API marine growth profiles OWT, tripod, marine growth, dynamics
36 Aziah ~2019 Monitoring scour/sediment build-up at OWFs, dams, bridge piers Sonar technology effective for underwater scour monitoring where diver inspection is limited by turbidity and safety Field trials with sonar/laser technology scour monitoring, sonar, OWT, bridge, hydroelectric
37 Bao et al. 2015 Critical insights for bridge scour detection using natural frequency PNF physical meaning depends on modal analysis vs dynamic response comparison; sensor location and scour hole shape significantly affect measurements Numerical modeling + lab validation scour detection, natural frequency, bridge, sensor
38 Bao & Liu 2016 Vibration-based bridge scour detection: a review Comprehensive review of vibration-based scour detection methods and their limitations Review scour, vibration, bridge, SHM, review
39 Bao et al. 2019 Influence of soil characteristics on natural frequency-based bridge scour detection Soil elastic modulus distribution determines whether pier diameter effect needs consideration; soil type affects PNF through lateral stiffness Lab tests + Winkler numerical model scour, soil type, natural frequency, bridge
40 Barari et al. 2021 Tripod suction caisson foundations: monotonic and cyclic responses in silty sand Tripod caissons exhibit "self-healing" mechanism with decreasing accumulated rotation trend; closed-form bearing capacity expression proposed for combined loading 3D FEM (HS small, UBC3D-PLM), validated against centrifuge tests suction caisson, tripod, cyclic, centrifuge, FEM

SYNTHESIS

CONSENSUS

  1. Natural frequency is the primary dynamic health indicator. Across OWT and bridge domains, there is strong agreement that shifts in natural frequency reflect changes in foundation stiffness caused by scour, soil degradation, or marine growth (Arany 2014/2015/2016, Weil 2025, Bao 2015/2016/2019, Antonopoulos 2021/2022, Arcigni 2021).

  2. SSI governs structural dynamics and must be incorporated. Every study involving OWTs or bridges acknowledges that soil-structure interaction fundamentally controls natural frequency, bearing capacity, and long-term deformation. The three-spring model (lateral, rotational, cross-coupling) is widely adopted for monopile OWTs (Arany 2015, Aleem 2022, Najar 2025).

  3. Spatial variability of soil properties significantly affects geotechnical predictions. Deterministic models are insufficient; probabilistic frameworks incorporating random fields consistently produce more realistic and informative results (Serhal 2025, Zhang 2025, Vu-Hoang 2025).

  4. ML outperforms classical methods for geotechnical prediction tasks. Ensemble methods (AdaBoost, bagging with DT/RF) consistently achieve the best accuracy for bearing capacity, slope stability, and earth pressure prediction (Shah 2025, Yadav 2025, Vu-Hoang 2025).

  5. Suction bucket/caisson foundations are viable and increasingly studied. Multiple papers confirm their load-bearing capability, installation feasibility, and cost-effectiveness for OWTs, with tripod configurations exhibiting self-healing behavior under cyclic loads (Achmus 2013, Barari 2021, Saqib 2025, Ren 2025, Suryasentana 2025).

DEBATES

  1. Fixed vs floating foundations for deep water OWTs. Meng (2025) argues fixed foundations can extend beyond 50 m and jackets to 100 m, while acknowledging floating foundations have superior cost-reduction potential. The crossover depth remains contested.

  2. Adequacy of existing design codes for SSI. Najar (2025) identifies a major gap in international code provisions for SSI, while Arany et al. (2014-2016) demonstrate that simplified analytical methods can capture SSI effects with <3.5% error. The question is whether code simplification or detailed numerical analysis should be the standard path.

  3. Deterministic vs probabilistic geotechnical design. Serhal (2025) and Zhang (2025) argue strongly for probabilistic methods, yet most practical design still relies on deterministic approaches due to computational cost and lack of standardized probabilistic frameworks.

  4. Unidirectional vs multidirectional loading in pile design. Phatsak (2025) demonstrates that orthogonal preloading reduces lateral capacity, challenging the unidirectional assumptions embedded in current p-y design guidelines.

GAPS

  1. Scour effects on OWT suction caisson foundations. Scour research is heavily concentrated on monopiles and bridge piers; the interaction between scour and bucket/caisson foundations remains largely unexplored.

  2. Unified ML frameworks bridging OWT and bridge SHM. Weil (2025) and the bridge SHM papers (Bao, Liu et al.) develop parallel but disconnected ML-based frequency tracking methods. No cross-domain unification exists.

  3. Torsional loading on OWT foundations. Saqib (2025) notes very limited literature on torsional dynamics of caisson foundations despite real eccentric loading conditions.

  4. Long-term field validation of ML-based geotechnical predictions. Most ML models (Shah, Yadav, Vu-Hoang) are trained on limited datasets (125-169 points) from laboratory or literature sources; field-scale validation is absent.

  5. Cohesive soil effects on vibration-based scour detection. Bao (2019) identifies this as a critical gap -- most scour detection studies assume sandy/non-cohesive soils.

  6. Multidirectional cyclic loading on suction caisson groups. Barari (2021) addresses monotonic and cyclic loading but multidirectional scenarios combining lateral, moment, and torsional loads remain underexplored.

METHODS

Method Frequency Representative Papers
FEM (2D/3D) Very high Achmus 2013, Barari 2021, Serhal 2025, Antonopoulos 2022
Analytical beam models (Euler-Bernoulli/Timoshenko) High Arany 2014, 2015, 2016, Saqib 2025
Centrifuge testing Moderate Kim 2025, Barari 2021
Machine learning (ensemble, neural network) Growing rapidly Shah 2025, Yadav 2025, Vu-Hoang 2025, Weil 2025
Monte Carlo simulation Moderate Vu-Hoang 2025, Zhang 2025, Zou 2025
Random fields (RFEM) Emerging Serhal 2025, Zhang 2025, Vu-Hoang 2025
PIV/DIC (model tests) Moderate Ren 2025, Kim 2025
Guided waves / FBG sensing Emerging Wang 2025, Zabihollah 2025
Back-analysis of field data Low but high-value Suryasentana 2025, Arany 2016

BENCHMARKS

  • OWT natural frequency prediction: Arany (2016) achieves <3.5% error across 10 European wind farms using closed-form three-spring SSI model. This is the gold standard for preliminary design validation.
  • Bearing capacity ML: AdaBoost achieves R2=0.881 (test) on 169-point dataset (Shah 2025); ensemble bagging achieves >90% classification accuracy for slope stability (Yadav 2025).
  • Scour detection sensitivity: Bao (2015, 2019) establishes that PNF measurement is sensitive to sensor location, scour hole geometry, and soil type -- these confounders must be controlled in any benchmark comparison.
  • Suction bucket capacity: Achmus (2013) provides normalized equations for ultimate capacity and initial stiffness validated against field tests in sand. Barari (2021) provides closed-form bearing capacity for tripod caissons validated against centrifuge data.
  • Marine growth impact: Arcigni (2021) benchmarks 24% increase in tower-top displacement for 200 mm growth thickness, with negligible (<0.3%) natural frequency shift.
  • Desaturation effectiveness: Zhongyue (2025) reports ~33% reduction in excess pore pressure ratio and ~30% settlement reduction through electrolytic desaturation of coral sand.

40 papers reviewed (positions 801-840). Note: files 26-27 and 30-31 are duplicates.