Skip to content

Literature Synthesis -- Batch 04 Agent 2

Positions 641--680 from the literature review directory. 40 papers, all published 2023.

Individual Paper Summaries

# Author(s), Year Title Core Finding Method Tags
1 Mosavirik et al., 2023 Silicon Echoes: Non-Invasive Trojan and Tamper Detection using Frequency-Selective Impedance Analysis Chip-level tamper events alter impedance; scattering-parameter measurements on the power distribution network detect hardware Trojans without activating the malicious circuit; Dynamic Time Warping distinguishes tampering from process variation RF impedance characterization, S-parameters, DTW distance, FPGA experiments (28 nm) hardware-security, impedance, anomaly-detection, NDT
2 Mourya et al., 2023 Approaches Considering Non-linearity in Soil-Foundation-Interaction: A State-of-the-Art Review Reviews continuum, Winkler-based, and macro-element models for nonlinear SSI under seismic excitation; each has trade-offs in accuracy vs. cost Literature review of SSI modelling (continuum FEM, BNWF, macro-elements, centrifuge/1-g tests) SSI, nonlinear-soil, foundation, seismic, review
3 Mroczek et al., 2023 Design Optimization of Offshore Wind Jacket Piles by Assessing Support Structure Orientation Relative to Metocean Conditions Jacket orientation relative to dominant wave direction (not wind) is the key driver of pile loads; orientation optimization substantially reduces pile mass and embedment depth 3D FE ground-structure simulations, nonlinear elastic time-domain analysis, IEA 15 MW reference turbine, 60 m water depth OWT, jacket, pile-design, orientation-optimization, SSI
4 Martins et al., 2023 Modelling of the Soil-Structure Interaction for Large Offshore Wind Turbines in a New FE Simulation Framework Soil stiffness, mass, and damping significantly affect dynamic behaviour of large OWTs; DeSiO framework preserves objectivity and energy conservation in long-time nonlinear simulations Director-based FE, total Lagrangian, conservative/dissipative time integration, NREL 15 MW monopile OWT, SSI, nonlinear-FEM, monopile, dynamic-response
5 Nickpasand & Gaspar, 2023 Digital Twin for Agile Manufacturing: Challenges from the Offshore Wind Turbine Industry No detailed framework exists for deploying digital twins of production processes for agility; proposes a practical architecture for SGRE manufacturing Conceptual DT architecture, case study at Siemens Gamesa digital-twin, manufacturing, OWT, agility
6 Nikitas & Bhattacharya, 2023 Experimental Study on Sand-Tire Chip Mixture Foundations Acting as a Soil Liquefaction Countermeasure Sand-tire chip mixture base near the surface controls pore-pressure rise effectively; thicker layers and higher tire ratios improve performance Triaxial tests, 1-g shaking table tests, parametric study liquefaction, SSI, foundation, tire-chips, experimental
7 Orakci et al., 2023 Assessment of Macro-Elements in the Prediction of the Response of Offshore Wind Turbines Macro-elements from PISA methodology combined with Arany et al. simplified method adequately predict OWT natural frequency; validated against full FE model (OpenSees) PISA p-y springs, Timoshenko beam monopile, macro-element stiffness, OpenSees, Dunkirk sand OWT, monopile, macro-element, natural-frequency, PISA
8 Park et al., 2023 Unsupervised Outlier Detection for Time-Series Data of Indoor Air Quality Using LSTM Autoencoder with Ensemble Method LSTM-AE reconstruction error combined with latent-feature SVM in an ensemble yields stable unsupervised outlier detection for multivariate environmental sensor data LSTM autoencoder, SVM on latent features, ensemble decision rule anomaly-detection, LSTM-AE, time-series, unsupervised
9 Patel & Kumar, 2023 Hydro-morphological Behavior Around T-shaped Spur Dikes with Downward Seepage Downward seepage significantly increases scour depth and sediment transport rate at spur dikes; Reynolds shear stress and TKE rise near the channel boundary Laboratory experiments, velocity/turbulence measurements scour, hydraulics, seepage, experimental
10 Qin et al., 2023 Vibration Isolation Characteristics of Impedance-Balanced Ship Equipment Foundation under Unbalanced Excitation Impedance-balanced foundation achieves 10 dB higher vibration isolation than traditional foundation in the 10-500 Hz band under combined force and moment excitation Finite element analysis, parametric study of panel thickness and sub-panel count vibration-isolation, impedance, FEM, ship-foundation
11 Rafiq, 2023 Condition Monitoring and Nonlinear Frequency Analysis Based Fault Detection of Mechanical Vibration Systems Develops nonlinear frequency analysis methods for fault detection in mechanical vibration systems Nonlinear frequency analysis, condition monitoring, PhD dissertation fault-detection, vibration, nonlinear-dynamics, condition-monitoring
12 Ramzanpoor et al., 2023 Benchmarking Study of 10 MW TLB Floating Offshore Wind Turbine TLB platform shows lowest motion responses (surge, pitch) compared to spar, semi-submersible, and TLP under operational and survival conditions; simpler construction with cost reduction potential Aero-hydro-servo-elastic simulation, 110 m water depth, North Sea conditions FOWT, TLB, benchmarking, platform-motion, cost-reduction
13 Rana et al., 2023 Estimation of Uncertainties in Soil Using MCMC Simulation and Effect of Model Uncertainty MCMC-based probabilistic back analysis with SVR surrogate reduces variability in inferred soil parameters; model uncertainty strongly influences posterior statistics SVR surrogate model, MCMC, FLAC 2D, Noto Hanto earthquake case study uncertainty, MCMC, soil-parameters, probabilistic, back-analysis
14 Rendle et al., 2023 A Three-Step Approach for Co-locating Nature-Based Solutions Within Offshore Wind Farms Proposes a systematic three-step method to integrate nature-based solutions (ecological enhancement) within offshore wind farm footprints Conceptual framework, ecological co-location methodology OWT, ecology, nature-based-solutions, co-location
15 Roach et al., 2023 A New Methodology for Upscaling Semi-Submersible Platforms for Floating Offshore Wind Turbines Platform dimensions scale to exponent 0.75, steel mass to exponent 1.5 with constant wall thickness; first generalized upscaling relations for triangular semi-submersibles Hydrodynamic model validated with OpenFAST, OC4 5 MW and IEA 15 MW case studies FOWT, semi-submersible, upscaling, cost, hydrodynamics
16 Robbelein et al., 2023 Effect of Curtailment Scenarios on the Loads and Lifetime of Offshore Wind Turbine Generator Support Structures Curtailment affects foundation fatigue loads; potentially critical operational conditions during curtailment impact support structure lifetime Measurement-based analysis, operational OWF data OWT, curtailment, fatigue, support-structure, SHM
17 Sadeghi et al., 2023 Quantifying the Effect of Low-Frequency Fatigue Dynamics on Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations: A Comparative Study Up to 65% of fatigue damage relates to low-frequency fatigue dynamics (periods > 1 day) missed by standard 10-min analysis windows; a short-to-long-term correction factor is proposed Rainflow counting, strain sensor data, multi-farm comparison, SN curve slope m=5 OWT, fatigue, LFFD, SHM, monopile
18 Schulz et al., 2023 The Impact of Unsteadiness on the Aerodynamic Loads of a Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Transient aerodynamic phenomena impact FOWT rotor loads; BEMT reliability for FOWT simulation is questioned; free-wake panel method quantifies transient load contributions Free-wake panel method, BEMT comparison, Floatgen turbine FOWT, aerodynamics, unsteady-loads, BEMT
19 Scozzese et al., 2023 Damage Metrics for Masonry Bridges Under Scour Scenarios Natural frequencies and mode shapes are the most scour-sensitive parameters for masonry arch bridges; kinematic and modal parameters evolve predictably under increasing scour severity Abaqus FE numerical simulation, parametric scour scenarios scour, masonry-bridge, SHM, damage-metrics, modal-analysis
20 Serrano-Fontova et al., 2023 A Comprehensive Review and Comparison of the Fragility Curves Used for Resilience Assessments in Power Systems Resilience assessments vary significantly depending on fragility curve formulation; first comprehensive classification of FCs by hazard type and grid component Literature review, FC comparison, case studies resilience, fragility-curves, power-systems, review
21 Shaler et al., 2023 Comparison of Free Vortex Wake and BEM Results Against Large-Eddy Simulation for Highly Flexible Turbines OLAF (free vortex wake) outperforms BEM under yaw misalignment and challenging inflow; BEM deviates significantly at high yaw angles OLAF/OpenFAST, SOWFA LES, varying yaw/shear/TI OWT, aerodynamics, vortex-wake, BEM, flexible-blades
22 Sharma et al., 2023 Blade Structure Analysis of 2 MW V-Shaped Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Using Numerical Simulation Significant tip deflection in tower-less V-VAWT blade suggests alternative support needed; composite material outperforms aluminium alloy structurally 3D RANS CFD (ANSYS Fluent), FEM shell elements, one-way FSI VAWT, blade-structure, FEM, CFD-FSI
23 Shen et al., 2023 Differentiable Modelling to Unify Machine Learning and Physical Models for Geosciences Differentiable modelling embeds physical equations within neural network training loops, enabling end-to-end gradient-based learning that respects physical constraints Differentiable programming, hybrid physics-ML, review/perspective (Nature Reviews) physics-ML, differentiable-modelling, geosciences, hybrid-model
24 Shi et al., 2023 Review on the Development of Marine Floating Photovoltaic Systems Comprehensive review of floating PV technology for marine environments; identifies structural, mooring, and environmental challenges analogous to FOWT Literature review floating-PV, marine-energy, review
25 Shoaib et al., 2023 An Advanced Deep Learning Models-Based Plant Disease Detection: A Review Reviews CNN, transfer learning, and GAN-based methods for plant disease detection from images Literature review of deep learning architectures deep-learning, plant-disease, CNN, review
26 Simpson & Maclaren, 2023 Profile-Wise Analysis: A Profile Likelihood-Based Workflow for Identifiability Analysis, Estimation, and Prediction Profile likelihood workflow provides practical identifiability analysis and prediction intervals for mechanistic models; Julia implementation available Profile likelihood, mechanistic ODE models, Julia code identifiability, profile-likelihood, uncertainty, mathematical-modelling
27 Smith et al., 2023 Anomaly Detection in Offshore Wind Turbine Structures Using Hierarchical Bayesian Modelling Hierarchical Bayesian model infers population- and local-level soil stiffness distributions from natural frequency observations; detects scour as anomaly across a wind farm population Hierarchical Bayesian inference, FE model (NREL 5 MW), Winkler foundation, PBSHM OWT, SHM, scour, Bayesian, PBSHM, anomaly-detection
28 Stadtmann et al., 2023 Demonstration of a Standalone, Descriptive, and Predictive Digital Twin of a Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Demonstrates DT capability levels 0-3 for an operational FOWT; predictive DT uses weather forecasts + neural networks + transfer learning VR visualization, DNN, LSTM, transfer learning FOWT, digital-twin, neural-network, predictive
29 Tamburrino et al., 2023 Old but Not Obsolete: Dimensional Analysis in Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation First systematic application of Buckingham pi theorem to NDT&E; simultaneously estimates plate thickness and electrical conductivity via eddy current testing with reduced variable count Dimensional analysis, Buckingham pi theorem, eddy current testing, experimental validation Buckingham-pi, NDT, dimensional-analysis, eddy-current
30 Tanapalungkorn et al., 2023 Undrained Stability of Braced Excavations in Clay Considering Nonstationary Random Field of Undrained Shear Strength Vertical correlation length of undrained shear strength random field significantly affects probability of design failure; different tendencies at same safety factor Random adaptive FELA, Monte Carlo simulation, lognormal random field geotechnical, excavation, random-field, probabilistic, FELA
31 Tao et al., 2023a Hierarchical Bayesian Model for Predicting Small-Strain Stiffness of Sand HBM integrating generic sand database with limited site-specific data yields less biased and more accurate Gmax predictions than conventional models Hierarchical Bayesian model, generic + site-specific data fusion soil-stiffness, Bayesian, Gmax, sand, uncertainty
32 Tao et al., 2023b Microbial Carbon Use Efficiency Promotes Global Soil Carbon Storage Microbial CUE is at least 4x more important than carbon input, decomposition, or vertical transport in determining global SOC storage Global datasets, microbial-process model, data assimilation, deep learning, meta-analysis soil-carbon, microbial-CUE, global, deep-learning
33 Terbuch et al., 2023 Detecting Anomalous Multivariate Time-Series via Hybrid Machine Learning Hybrid approach combining physics-motivated KPIs with LSTM-VAE detects anomalies in geotechnical foundation column production data; subprocess decomposition improves discriminating power LSTM-VAE, BiLSTM-VAE, genetic algorithm hyperparameter optimization, KPI-based auto-labeling anomaly-detection, geotechnical, LSTM-VAE, hybrid-ML, foundation-QC
34 Trojnar, 2023 New Hybrid Foundation Solutions for Offshore Wind Turbines Hybrid monopile displacement is 30-50% smaller than standard monopile; new p-y curves for hybrid monopiles established and verified Model tests, numerical simulations, p-y curve derivation OWT, hybrid-foundation, monopile, p-y-curves, lateral-load
35 Wei et al., 2023 (peer review) Anomaly Detection for High-Dimensional Data Using Sparse Autoencoder-Support Vector Machine Sparse autoencoder reduces dimensionality; SVM with novel Mercer-based kernel separates anomalies; Chebyshev theorem bounds false positives Sparse autoencoder, SVM, kernel design anomaly-detection, autoencoder, SVM, high-dimensional
36 Urmi et al., 2023 Failure Mechanism, Existing Constitutive Models and Numerical Modeling of Landslides in Sensitive Clay: A Review Elastoviscoplastic models with nonlinear strain-softening and rate effects best represent sensitive clay; post-failure runout modelling remains scarce Literature review of constitutive models and numerical tools sensitive-clay, landslide, strain-softening, large-deformation, review
37 Ushakova, 2023 Reliability Analysis of Pile Foundations: Peculiarities of Consideration of Uncertainties and Partial Factors Monte Carlo + evolutionary neural network algorithm accounts for physical, statistical, and modelling uncertainties in pile reliability; high prediction accuracy achieved Monte Carlo, neural network, reliability analysis pile-foundation, reliability, uncertainty, neural-network
38 Vanicek et al., 2023 Possibilities of Complex Numerical Modelling at the Czech Geotechnical Society Workplace Demonstrates PLAXIS 2D/3D for complex geotechnical problems including dam stability under earthquake loading PLAXIS FEM, 2D and 3D examples numerical-modelling, PLAXIS, dam, earthquake, geotechnical
39 Vardanega et al., 2023 Recent Progress Developing a Rating Framework for Evaluating SHM for Bridge Scour Proposes and reviews a rating framework to assess relative merits of sensor technologies for scour monitoring on bridges Framework development, case study comparison scour, SHM, bridge, rating-framework, sensor-technology
40 Veers et al., 2023 Grand Challenges in the Design, Manufacture, and Operation of Future Wind Turbine Systems Identifies critical unknowns across the full modelling chain (atmosphere to microstructure); calls for improved high-fidelity simulation, AI/ML integration, co-design, and manufacturing innovation Community review/roadmap, multi-author perspective OWT, grand-challenges, aerodynamics, manufacturing, AI-ML, review

CONSENSUS

  1. Soil-structure interaction is central to OWT design accuracy. Papers 2, 3, 4, 7, 27, 34 all confirm that SSI modelling (whether via p-y springs, macro-elements, Winkler foundations, or full continuum FEM) critically determines natural frequency prediction, fatigue life estimation, and overall structural reliability. The PISA methodology and its extensions are becoming an accepted standard for monopile lateral response.

  2. Bayesian and probabilistic methods are maturing for geotechnical parameter estimation. Papers 13, 27, 30, 31, 37 converge on hierarchical Bayesian, MCMC, and Monte Carlo approaches as effective frameworks for handling the pervasive uncertainty in soil properties. Data fusion (generic databases + site-specific data) consistently outperforms single-source estimation.

  3. Autoencoder-based anomaly detection is effective for multivariate time-series. Papers 8, 33, 35 independently validate that LSTM autoencoders (or sparse autoencoders) combined with secondary classifiers (SVM, KPI rules) in ensemble/hybrid configurations outperform standalone models for unsupervised anomaly detection in industrial monitoring data.

  4. Scour remains a dominant threat to foundations, and SHM is the preferred mitigation pathway. Papers 9, 19, 27, 39 agree that scour significantly alters structural response (natural frequencies, mode shapes) and that monitoring-based detection via modal parameters is the most practical early-warning strategy.

  5. Floating offshore wind platforms require fundamentally different modelling approaches. Papers 12, 15, 18, 28 confirm that FOWT systems need coupled aero-hydro-servo-elastic simulation, and that simplified tools (e.g., BEMT) are unreliable under the large motions and unsteady aerodynamics characteristic of floating platforms.

DEBATES

  1. Simplified vs. high-fidelity SSI models. Macro-element and Winkler spring approaches (papers 2, 7) offer computational efficiency but may miss important nonlinear and 3D coupling effects captured by continuum FEM (papers 3, 4). The appropriate level of modelling complexity for design-stage vs. operational monitoring remains contested.

  2. 10-minute analysis window adequacy for fatigue. Paper 17 demonstrates that up to 65% of fatigue damage comes from low-frequency dynamics invisible in standard 10-min windows, directly challenging the industry-standard DLC framework (DNV guidelines). Whether correction factors suffice or whether fundamental changes to data segmentation are needed is unresolved.

  3. BEM vs. vortex wake methods for large/floating turbines. Paper 21 shows BEM fails under yaw misalignment for flexible rotors, while paper 18 questions BEMT for FOWT. Paper 40 (Veers) flags this as a grand challenge. The community has not converged on when BEM is "good enough" versus when higher-fidelity methods are mandatory.

  4. Physics-only vs. hybrid physics-ML models. Paper 23 (Shen, Nature Reviews) advocates differentiable modelling that unifies physics and ML end-to-end, while papers 33 and 11 combine physics KPIs with ML in a more modular fashion. Whether tight integration (differentiable) or loose coupling (hybrid/ensemble) produces more robust and interpretable results is an active debate.

GAPS

  1. Population-level SHM for offshore wind farms. Only paper 27 (Smith) explicitly addresses PBSHM across a wind farm population using hierarchical Bayesian models. Scaling these methods to full-size farms with hundreds of turbines and diverse soil conditions remains unexplored.

  2. Post-failure and large-deformation modelling. Paper 36 (Urmi) identifies that post-failure runout modelling for sensitive clays is extremely scarce. By analogy, post-failure behaviour of OWT foundations under extreme scour or seismic events is similarly under-studied.

  3. Digital twin maturity for offshore structures. Papers 5 and 28 both note the gap between conceptual DT frameworks and operational deployments. Predictive and prescriptive DT levels (3-4) have only been demonstrated in limited prototypes; autonomous DTs (level 5) remain aspirational.

  4. Hybrid foundation design standards. Paper 34 (Trojnar) shows hybrid monopiles reduce displacement by 30-50%, but no design codes or widely accepted p-y formulations exist for these novel configurations.

  5. Fatigue under combined multi-hazard loading. While individual papers address wave-wind fatigue (17), curtailment effects (16), and scour-induced stiffness changes (19, 27), no paper in this batch integrates these hazards into a unified probabilistic fatigue framework.

METHODS

Method Category Papers Notes
Finite element analysis (2D/3D) 3, 4, 7, 10, 19, 22, 27, 38 PLAXIS, Abaqus, OpenSees, ANSYS; ranges from linear to geometrically exact nonlinear
Bayesian inference (hierarchical, MCMC) 13, 27, 30, 31, 37 Dominant paradigm for uncertainty quantification in geotechnics
Autoencoder anomaly detection 8, 33, 35 LSTM-AE, VAE, sparse AE; always combined with secondary classifier
Aero-hydro-servo-elastic simulation 12, 15, 18, 21 OpenFAST, OLAF, panel methods; essential for FOWT
Physical model testing (1-g, centrifuge) 6, 34 Shaking table, lateral load model tests
Dimensional / scaling analysis 15, 29 Buckingham pi (NDT), hydrodynamic upscaling (FOWT)
Differentiable programming / physics-ML 23 End-to-end gradient training embedding physical equations
Profile likelihood 26 Identifiability and prediction intervals for mechanistic models
Rainflow counting + SN curves 17 Industry-standard fatigue quantification with proposed LFFD correction

BENCHMARKS

Benchmark Used By Description
NREL 5 MW reference turbine 27 (Smith) FE model for population-level SHM study
IEA/NREL 15 MW reference turbine 3, 4, 15 Jacket pile optimization, SSI framework, upscaling
OC4 5 MW semi-submersible 15 Baseline for upscaling study
PISA Dunkirk sand site 7 Geotechnical data for macro-element validation
Noto Hanto earthquake (2007) 13 Case study for MCMC back analysis
Floatgen turbine 18 Operational FOWT for aerodynamic unsteadiness study
OpenFAST / SOWFA LES 15, 21 Validation of reduced-order models against high-fidelity CFD
Keller Grundbau production data 33 Real industrial geotechnical MVTS dataset